Microsoft's first attempt with Windows-on-Arm was Windows RT, which launched in 2012 on the first Surface device. It failed partly because it couldn't run Windows apps and didn't use a familiar Windows interface.
Windows RT initially failed due to several reasons, including confusion among consumers, lack of compatibility with existing Windows software, a limited app ecosystem, and high device prices. Additionally, Windows RT devices could only run software that was digitally signed by Microsoft, further limiting their appeal and versatility.
Windows-on-Arm resurfaced with improved performance in the late 2010s, featuring a translation layer for 32-bit Intel apps. This version of Windows was mainly confined to Surface hardware and a handful of models from major PC OEMs. The Qualcomm processors powering these devices have also improved over time, leading to better overall performance.